The Rheological Behaviour Of Pharmaceutical Fluids Essays

The Rheological Behaviour Of Pharmaceutical Fluids Essays The Rheological Behaviour Of Pharmaceutical Fluids Essay The Rheological Behaviour Of Pharmaceutical Fluids Essay This study investigated the rheology of selected pharmaceutical fluids. The chief findings were that viscousness alterations with concentration, temperature and shear rate of the fluids tested. pharmaceutical fluids, rheology, viscousness, shear rate, pseudoplastic Most pharmaceutical fluids are macromolecular colloids that are can be used in suspensions and emulsions so proving conditions of high viscousness, easiness of pourability and hiking adhesion is important.1 This is achieved by measuring rheological footings and is related to the construction and molecular weight of the fluid. Viscosity is the opposition to motion of liquid and sheer rate is the speed gradient created from force of motion of flow. Three experiments were carried out, as described in the practical booklet1 without accommodations. Viscosity was measured with different concentrations, temperatures and sheer rates. Table 1:Viscosity at selected concentrations of Methylcellulose Concentration ( % ) 1 2 4 Viscosity ( cP ) 8.7 19.2 88. Table 2:Flow clip of 1 % PVP at two different temperatures Water Bath Temperature ( oC ) Mean Flow clip ( secs ) 25 291 40 195 Table 3:Viscosity of 0.8 % Tragacanth gum at selected sheer rates Rotation velocity ( revolutions per minute ) up incline 2 5 10 20 50 Sheer rate ( rpm/60 ) 0.033 0.083 0.167 0.333 0.833 Viscosity ( mPa.sec / cP ) 484.9 341.9 278.9 229.5 175.5 Rotation velocity ( revolutions per minute ) down incline 50 20 10 5 2 Sheer rate ( rpm/60 ) 0.833 0.333 0.167 0.083 0.033 Viscosity ( mPa.sec / cP ) 173.7 220.5 260.9 323.9 419.9 Graph 1:Rheogram: viscousness vs. sheer rate ( see attached ) Fromtable 1, viscousness additions exponentially with increasing concentration. Higher concentrations of methylcellulose ( linkages of A ; szlig ; D-glucose as precursor ) will incorporate more links and H bonds increasing stableness immensely, therefore exponential addition in viscousness. Fromtable 2, flow clip is decreased with increasing temperature. PVP is a polymer ( N-vinylpyrrolidone as precursor ) with C-C linkage between units. Increasing temperature breaks the bonds that hold the units together, take downing viscousness, bring forthing faster unstable rate, therefore less flow clip. Fromtable 3, viscousness is decreased with increasing shear rate with viscousness get downing to be given to a minimal value. Tragacanth is a polymer with high H adhering interaction with H2O and between the concatenation units ( web ) . Increasing shear rate, lowers interaction with H2O and detangles construction so molecules flow in right way, hence, take downing viscousness. Tragacanth exhi bits non-Newton behavior as viscousness is non changeless with increasing shear rate. Hysteresis cringle is seen as down incline is shifted the right of up incline demoing pseudoplastic thixotropic behavior. 2 Improvements to the experiment include increasing sum of repetitions, concentrations, temperature and sheer rates. Toconclude, seting concentrations, temperature and emphasis rate of fluids have an consequence on viscousness. This can hold many benefits for different utilizations of pharmaceutical industry. ( i.e. emulsifiers, binders, thickenings )

Case study 2- A Taxing Issue Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2- A Taxing Issue - Case Study Example In fact, the government should promote incentives for those who increase their annual earning beyond a certain limit. I argue that for one to increase their annual earnings beyond a particular mark implies more job creations and more life to the economy. The government should also focus on cutting expenditure in sectors like defense to avail more funds for development. It is not fair to have different tax rates for different income groups. Discriminatory taxation based on one’s income group leads to reduced private investments. Most private investments consider profitability of their businesses. I therefore argue that increasing tax those with higher incomes will lessen the appetite for private investments. The government should only use a uniform taxation system. When running a small business, many financial factors shall influence in my hiring. The tax rate is arguably one of the main financial factors to consider when hiring (Kennedy 69). In addition, I shall consider funding and operational costs (Kennedy 207). In funding, equity versus debt considered where debt is loan and equity is the capital one

The Labeling Theory and The Cultural Deviance Theory Assignment

The Labeling Theory and The Cultural Deviance Theory - Assignment Example In response to question 4, labeling theory is chosen as the most appropriate theory to account for the case. Labeling and the Cultural Deviancy theories Introduction It could be argued that criminal activities are common in every society across the world. Furthermore, has been argued that criminal activities have existed as along as man and societies have contented and grappled with addressing them. However, what has been of great concern is the evolution and surge of criminal activities. In the attempts of addressing crimes, criminologists have sought to understand the causes and proposed an array of theories, including the labeling theory and the legitimate crime causation theory. This paper answers some pertinent questions in regard to the two theories. Response to question 1 The proponents of the labeling theory are concerned that the labels that are placed on the offenders through the justice systems. Such labels function to worsen the behaviors of the inmates because the labels function to aggravate the behaviors that need to be stopped. In the long run, this constrains recovery form criminal behaviors. The proponents are concerned that the criminal justice system has not only failed to stop criminal behaviors, but it is also functioning to reinforce the very criminal behaviors (Gabbidon & Greene, 2013). An alternative theory that could be utilized to avoid stereotyping within the criminal justice system is the cultural deviancy theory. The cultural deviance theory posits that the cause of the criminal behaviors in the urban areas can be hardly attributed to poverty, but to a distinct lower-class culture, which is mainly concerned about the societal norms. The social deviancy theory is based on the conflict perspective, thus perceives cultural deviancy as a condition that is normal that crime is simply a concept of conflicts within classes (Bereska, 2011). The theory posits that the lower class category contains its values, goals and ideals that significa ntly differ from those of other classes. As the individuals within the lower classes conform to these practices on the course of day life routine, they also interact with people from other classes. Their behaviors overlap and conflict and the lower-class group suffer the implication of being considered socially deviant. This theory also follows the account that as people conform to the values within the class, they may even impart the values to the subsequent generation. This theory acknowledges the basis of nature versus nurture, wherein the behaviors of persons are nurtured by the intervening social environment. Thus, cultural deviance theory is that which approaches crimes from the sociological perspectives. Cultural deviance theory does not present criminals as immoral and sinful people, and describes crimes based in the examination of race, social circle, levels of education and income, culture, among other social aspects and this makes it particularly suited to limit stereotyp ing within the criminal justice systems. Then the only weakness this approach is that it tends to justify crimes as unintentional. Response to Part 2 In my view, labeling is a legitimate crime causation theory on various accounts. According to the

Pizza Store Simulation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pizza Store Simulation Paper - Essay Example It will immediately relieve procedural congestion as well as improve operational performance to augment daily profits. We propose certain changes in operations to assist us in increasing our profit margin. In the old layout, there were 14 tables that could seat 4 people each. In the new process, there will be 10. Furthermore, the old process had no two-seat tables, but the new process has 8 two seat tables. As with the old process, the new process will have 4 people on wait staff, but for the new process we will increase kitchen staff from 2 in the old process to 3 in the new. These changes are aimed at increasing our profit margin. Graphical analysis of our data will help us determine whether our theory about process efficiency was not correct. It seems part of our theory was correct and part was not. As predicted, the new process immediately out-performed the old process. The data shows the new processes netted about $378 more per day than the old process on average. However, the staff learning curve does not seem to affect the data at all. Visual analysis of trends in the data does not seem to reveal a significant curve function. It appears only linear. A graphical representation of the data is presented below. We considered an alternative process configuration for the operation of Mario’s Pizzeria. Our primary metric was our daily profit margin. Our aim was to reconfigure the factors in our process to maximize our profit potential. We designed a new operational configuration to test against the old system. The data shows the new processes netted about $378 more per day on average than the old process. Visual analysis of trends in the data does not seem to reveal a significant curve function. It would be an impractical use of man hours to apply advanced statistical techniques because the new configuration achieves our marginal

Role of Youth Essay Example for Free

Role of Youth Essay Lack of participation of the youth in community development and family integration may lead to poor skills and characteristics. Community development helps the youth a lot in working their skills, building their character and communicating with others to have a good relationship. Family integration makes the youth more confident c Generally, this topic focuses on the lack of participation of the youth in community development and family integration. Specifically, this topic aims to show these problems; * Lack of communication and awareness of opportunities (Felix, 2003) * Turf issues among organizations competing for youth participants (Felix, 2003) * Lack of diversity, and adultism or the systematic mistreatment of young people simply because of their age. (Felix, 2003) * Youth fear of speaking out (Felix,2003) * Lack of time (Sherrod, Flanagan, Youniss, 2002) * Not being sure of the benefits of their contributions (Israel, Coleman, Ilvento, 1993) As youth are brought into community organizations and civic roles that they have traditionally been excluded from, they can participate in local decision-making at multiple levels. This collaboration leads to skill enhancement, confidence building, and ownership that prepare them as they navigate toward adulthood. All of these can be achieved through participating in activities that pursue community development and family integration. Lacking of participation is seen form the youth. Lack of participation in family integration and community development may lead to a lot of conflict in the society. Communication is the best way to build a relationship with the community and with the family. In this way, the youth can easily participate and contribute to the developments made by the community. The family will serve as a great motivation for the you th to participate well and be efficient in helping developing one’s community. The specific problems points out different pursuits. In the first problem, lack of communication and awareness of opportunities, the reason that this problem occurred is because of the extreme rapid change in the modern civilization, in contrast to modern societies, tend to increase parent-youth conflict, for within a fast changing social order the time interval between generations. Inevitably, under such a condition, youth is reared in a milieu different from that of the parents; hence the parents become old-fashioned, youth rebellious, and clashes occur which is closely confined circle of the immediate family, generate sharp emotion. This conflict will only subdue to not communicating with parents because avoiding arguments with their parents. Another problem that hinders the youth in progressing and doing their role as youth is lack of time. The youth now a days tend to spend their time in paying video games, watching television Parent-youth conflict thus results from the interaction of certain universals of the parent-child relation and certain variables the value of which are peculiar to modern culture . the universals are the basic age or birth cycle differential between parent and child. The decelerating rate of socialization with advancing age, the rsulting intrinsic differences btween old and young on the physiological, psychosocial and sociological planes.

Prison Nurseries Essay example -- Social Studies

From the moment the prison system had to deal with pregnant inmates, the subject of prison nurseries became controversial and it remains as such to this day. Prison nurseries provide housing for inmates’ newborns and allow the inmates to co-reside with their infants for a limited amount of time, giving them the opportunity to be part of their development for at least the first months of their lives. Furthermore, these housing arrangements let them be their children’s primary caregiver (Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010). While there are groups that advocate and promote their existence, there is also a side that concerns itself with the security risks and liabilities that come with raising infants in a prison setting. Regrettably, these risks and liabilities fall on the infants all too often and by looking at the research, it will be clear that prison nurseries actually end up being more of a punishment for the children than rehabilitative help for the mother. It is important to remember there are several factors to consider when dealing with the subject of prison nurseries. From the medical costs of maintaining both the mothers and their newborns in prison, to the liability of how a prison setting may hinder the infant’s development, determining the pros and cons it is not an easy task. A five-year study on infants raised in a prison nursery (Byrne at al., 2010) showed that infants can be raised securely attached to their mothers, even in a prison setting. However, this study also concludes by stating that the development of attachment relationship is a fragile one and ongoing. It requires the participation of not only the mothers, but also of the future caregivers. This study also acknowledges that it was limited by the small nu... ...ildren should not be punished for their parents’ mistakes, and if growing up in a prison nursery is in any way harmful for a child, this is one program we cannot get behind. Works Cited Byrne, M. W., Goshin, L. S., & Joestl, S. S. (2010). Intergenerational transmission of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 375-393. doi:10.1080/14616730903417011 Carlson, Joseph R. PhD (2001). Prison Nursery 2000. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 33:3, 75-97. doi:10.1300/J076v33n03_05 Fearn, N., & Parker, K. (2004). Washington state’s residential parenting program: An integrated public health, education, and social service resource for pregnant inmates and prison mothers. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 2, 34-48. Retrieved from http://cjhp.fullerton.edu/Volume2_2004/Issue4/34-48-fearn.pdf

Alliance Concrete Case Analysis Essay

The best estimate for 2006 are shown in the projections for Alliance Concrete. The company is expected to grow its Net Income by $2,350 million. If the company was to pay $3 million in dividends, it would be $11,349 million in retained earnings. If you make no investment in capital expenditure and make payments to your bank loan, the loan would come down to $57,660 million. If the company does not reinvest, it will be at a 50% chance of a problem occurring, which can cause more losses. Just as they did in 2004, not only did it cost $2.6 million to fix the problem but also the company had to close down for 2 weeks, hence the drop in sales for 2004. My recommendation to Alliance Concrete would be to pay off the $7,000 million obligation to the bank which is owed. This would be suggested so you do not default on a loan. It would also put you at the borrowing limit as well. If the company does default on the loan, it will not be a good look for the company. Stock prices and confidence in the company will drop, as people will think that the company cannot pay its bill. After paying off the debt to the bank, I would suggest to allocate the rest of the money towards capital expenditure. It will be necessary for the company to upgrade at least some of the equipment to lower the possibility of something going bad. It would be a total nightmare if the company ran into another problem like the one they faced in 2004, and it may lead to bankruptcy. They may not be able to recover because their debt would go through the roof. That being said, I would skip on the dividend payments and insure that the following year there will be a bigger payment to the stockholder, if everything goes well. The investment into the company would make the company operate better and may even generate more revenue. If I was to renegotiate with the bank, I would put forward the projection of growth. I would highlight the increase in sales and revenue along with showing the effort to pay down the banks loans. I would put forward the current and quick ratio, showing that we have enough money to liquidate the assets to cover our debt in worst case scenario. The company can argue that, even  though the real estate market is slowing down, the company is still showing growth, which is a good sign. If Alliance Concrete was to skip on dividend payments the argument that can be put forth would be that the company is growing and shows signs of great improvement, if we put money into it now. Also that, investment now in the company could mean even more dividend payments in the future. We could also argue that it needs to be skipped because the company needs to put back money into itself because we need to get repairs done. If we pay dividends now, it may not be the best for the company, because we will not be able to get the repairs done that are needed and will cost us more to fix and recover from that problem. After carefully looking at all aspects and possible situations I would suggest that the company skip on the dividends for this year, and invest its money back into the company along with paying of some of the debt. This will be beneficial for all. It will make the company grow all with paying of its loans. The stockholders can be assured that the company is growing and that there will be better dividend payments in the future.