List of Common Strong and Weak Acids

List of Common Strong and Weak Acids Strong and weak acids are important to know, both for chemistry class and for use in the lab. There are very few strong acids, so one of the easiest ways to tell strong and weak acids apart is to memorize the short list of strong ones. Any other acid is considered a weak acid. Key Takeaways Strong acids completely dissociate into their ions in water, while weak acids only partially dissociate.There are only a few (6) strong acids, so many people choose to memorize them. All the other acids are weak.The strong acids are hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, and chloric acid.The only weak acid formed by the reaction between hydrogen and a halogen is hydrofluoric acid (HF). While technically a weak acid, hydrofluoric acid is extremely powerful and highly corrosive. Strong Acids Strong acids dissociate completely into their ions in water, yielding one or more protons (hydrogen cations)  per molecule. There are only 7 common strong acids. HCl - hydrochloric acidHNO3  - nitric acidH2SO4  - sulfuric acid (HSO4-  is a weak acid)HBr - hydrobromic acidHI - hydroiodic acidHClO4  - perchloric acidHClO3 - chloric acid Examples of ionization reactions include: HCl → H Cl- HNO3 → H NO3- H2SO4 → 2H SO42- Note the production of positively charged hydrogen ions and also the reaction arrow, which only points to the right. All of the reactant (acid) is ionized into product. Weak Acids Weak acids do not completely dissociate into their ions in water. For example, HF dissociates into the H and F- ions in water, but some HF remains in solution, so it is not a strong acid.  There are many more weak acids than strong acids. Most organic acids are weak acids. Here is a partial list, ordered from strongest to weakest. HO2C2O2H -  oxalic acid  H2SO3  -  sulfurous acidHSO4  -  - hydrogen sulfate ionH3PO4  - phosphoric acidHNO2  - nitrous acidHF - hydrofluoric acidHCO2H -  methanoic acidC6H5COOH -  benzoic acidCH3COOH - acetic acidHCOOH - formic acid Weak acids incompletely ionize. An example reaction is the dissociation of ethanoic acid in water to produce hydroxonium cations and ethanoate anions: CH3COOH H2O ⇆ H3O CH3COO- Note the reaction arrow in the chemical equation points both directions. Only about 1% of ethanoic acid converts to ions, while the remainder is ethanoic acid. The reaction proceeds in both directions. The back reaction is more favorable than the forward reaction, so ions readily change back to weak acid and water. Distinguishing Between Strong and Weak Acids You can use the acid equilibrium constant Ka or else pKa to determine whether an acid is strong or weak. Strong acids have high Ka or small pKa values, while weak acids have very small Ka values or large pKa values. Strong and Weak vs. Concentrated and Dilute Be careful not to confuse the terms strong and weak with concentrated and dilute. A concentrated acid is one which contains a low amount of water. In other words, the acid is concentrated. A dilute acid is an acidic solution that contains a lot of solvent. If you have 12 M acetic acid, its concentrated, yet still a weak acid. No matter how much water you remove, that will be true. On the flip side, a 0.0005 M HCl solution is dilute, yet still strong. Strong vs. Corrosive You can drink diluted acetic acid (the acid found in vinegar), yet drinking the same concentration of sulfuric acid would give you a chemical burn. The reason is that sulfuric acid is highly corrosive, while acetic acid is not as active. While acids tend to be corrosive, the strongest superacids (carboranes) are actually not corrosive and could be held in your hand. Hydrofluoric acid, while a weak acid, would pass through your hand and attack your bones.

Literature - In the Pond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature - In the Pond - Essay Example Desperately longing to escape from the single room he and his wife and child have been living in, Bin’s rage is induced by the fact that he fails to obtain an apartment that would provide him and his family with a better life. He feels he has been treated unfairly and that others have been rewarded for political reasons. Unwilling to resort to something as low as bribery, he subjects himself as well as his family, to the endless waiting list for the new apartment, despite his seniority and right to one. It is evident that for some time Bin was able to function in this society quite well. But, the moment he required more than he was given, his dissatisfaction emerged from the depths of his soul. Because, in such a society, one’s power equals the amount of money he owns or people on higher positions that he knows. Effort and hard work are unjustly neglected as unnecessary qualities in a worker, while those that blindly and brainlessly follow orders, are being pushed up th e corporate ladder, praised and rewarded. Seething with anger, the hapless Bin turns to the words of the Han dynasty scholar Wan Chong to find solace. His talents as a calligrapher go unappreciated, and after working all day, he can only give vent to his artistry by night. This is where Bin’s personal epic battle between good and evil commences. He gets the idea to use his talents to gain revenge by placing a satirical cartoon in the provincial paper, which is full of vigor, almost resembling a miniature revolution. Feeling utterly overcome by rage, he does not think things through, but acts rashly, and later wishes his wife stopped him. But, it is already too late. His rage has put into motion something much larger than himself and now that it is out, he cannot stop it anymore. It is said that a good artist can channel any emotion into a work of art, and this is exactly what Bin does. Feeling as low as one can possibly feel, he transforms his anger and utter dissatisfaction into expressive art. He uses his almighty calligraphy pen to fight the establishment and this is the only part of him they are not able to put down and control. It is from this part of his soul that his rebellion is teeming forcefully. Bin becomes transformed from a mindless drone into the everyman of human society, the universal man whose spiritual awakening has just found him and whose dreams have just been set in motion, despite his circumstances, despite his possibilities, despite his reality. Party leaders, secretly alarmed by the accuracy and cleverness of the cartoon, rally hastily. Calling a workers meeting, they bluster and sneer over the political incorrectness of his artwork. They respond with a pay cut and Bin creates another art piece that attacks their greed and their anti-revolutionary tendencies. Bin never backs down from the threats launched his way, and occasionally with his wife’s prodding, he continues to look for justice at the commune level, then with th e county hierarchy, and finally in Beijing. Because his case becomes so famous, his supervisors are unable to just have him beat up, or to simply fire him. Bin tilts at windmill after windmill, undaunted, unwilling to give in to what he knows is wrong. His supervisors dock his pay, humiliate him, and refuse to employ his talents as a calligrapher and choose to hire an outsider instead, but he still stubbornly persists in his efforts. Both sides are caught in an accelerating spiral of recriminations and revenge, the universal human cycle of

In what ways are horses used as symbolism in the plays The New York Essay

In what ways are horses used as symbolism in the plays The New York Idea by Landgon Mitchell, and the play Mazeppa by Henry - Essay Example In order to understand why horses are used in both stories, we must take a closer look at the general perception of what horses stand for. According to Psychics and Mediums Network, a fantastic website dedicated to the interpretation of dreams and symbols, horses in a dream mean the following: Wild forces that have been tamed are symbolized by the horse. Horses are also a symbol of sexuality and were considered by Freud to represent the terrifying aspect of the father. To dream of ridding an out-of-control horse, may indicate that you are being ‘carried away’ by your passions, whereas a tightly tethered horse may show that you inhibit these natural feelings. Therefore, horses reflect on the feelings of individuals—where they are going and what they are doing. This concept is certainly used in both Mitchell and Milner’s works. As noted above, horses are used to judge different individual actions. In the introduction of â€Å"The New York Idea,† Mitche ll states, interestingly enough: â€Å"The temperament of the race-horse has to be considered—much more, that of the 'star'.† (2). This is an important concept in relation to what we have already been discussing. The author is basically admitting the purpose of the horses in the play itself—to reflect on the actions and emotions of individuals. In Mazeppa, we see a similar stance. The bulk of the narrative focuses on a romantic journey on a horse, the horse serving as sort of escape from reality, or one’s emotions and personal responsibilities. This is especially accurate if we compare this with the Freudian interpretation of horses above. Horses can represent one being carried away by one’s passions, and this seems to be in line with what is going on in Mazeppa. Therefore, the general interpretation of what horses can mean symbolically certainly ties back to what Mazeppa is trying to reveal a horse can mean. Another concept present in Psychics and Mediums network is the reflection of what horses generally mean in mythological terms, and again, this concept can be used to better understand the symbols present in both stories that we are discussing. According to Psychics and Mediums Network, horses can myth logically mean the following: In some myths and fairytales horses speak. In dreams, this represents the voice of your unconscious- a message from your innermost self. In Greek myth, horses were associated with Hades, the underworld and death. However, dream prophecy says that to dream of horses indicates that you will receive news from a distance. And it is extremely lucky to dream of a horse being shod. So, the journey of the horse in â€Å"Mazeppa† can be related to the ultimate end of all human journeys—that of death. Basically, there is the sense that no matter what we do with our lives, all of us will eventually face this end of the journey, or the ultimate end, of relinquishing our souls. This concept is not as present in The New York Idea, but if we think of the races present in the story as a type of journey for the horses, then we see a similar concept present; that of the journey and the finish, and whether ones wins or loses it does not really seem to matter when one reaches the final end of all things. The other interesting point to note about this interpretation of horses is the concept of receiving news from a dista

Security Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Solution - Essay Example The critical point of the matter is that some of the company’s key competitors have already hacked the company’s strategies and that they are already using their techniques. No one knows anything about the source of the attack. However, the management is suspicious that some greedy employees could be associated with the attack and that they reveal vital information to its competitors. The network administrator of the ABC Company has limited understanding of attack methodologies while the company lacks valid security measures. Information regarding the company’s products, the raw materials available, quantity of finished goods, and their prices has been disclosed through a database which has been open for users from across the company. All company’s information has been easily accessible and modifiable by every user in the organization. This has been the key problem to the company security and has resulted to the attack and has lead to leaking and hacking o f data on their laptops. In order to protect the internal data of the company, adequate security measures should be taken with critical observation of the laid down strategies to ensure success in the attainment of security within the company (Essaaidi et al., 2006). The storage of data should be structured in an appendix whereby each department can have an access only to its information. A specific file saver should contain folders which contain specific information for each department with a ‘login’ option while personnel from a particular department should not be able to access information from another department’s folder. The encryption mechanism should be devised to ensure that data belonging to a particular user is accessible to that user only. The installed OS in the company computers should be updated with the latest patches and fixes while modification on information on each database should only be done by the head of department. Not even the network adm inistrator should have the right to modify information on the database but should, however, access the information in a ‘read only’ mode. In order to ensure that the computers are not accessed from outside the organization, which has greatly contributed to the hacking, the available OS in the computers should be updated and configured. The outdated OS present in the computers need to be updated to ensure that no outsider can access the computers. The company should also consider installing an anti-spyware tool. This tool monitors all activities on the computer. The tool can be accidentally installed within program downloads and other files while their use is often cruel. They can capture passwords credit card details as well as banking credentials and relay them back to cheaters. Anti-spyware will help in monitoring and protecting the computers from spyware threats and is free to update and use (Stamatellos, 2007).   On the implementation of the solutions, the organiz ation will require to inform all employees on the changes and possibly train the relevant authorities on how to operate the installed devices in their computers. The organization should also give briefings to all employees, department heads and the network administrators on the need to have such amendments at such a time. The briefings should be meant to declare the attack an organizational disaster which calls for responsibilities from all partners for its termination. The solutions would ensure that the c

Linkage among Environmental Opportunity, Competency and Organizational Essay

Linkage among Environmental Opportunity, Competency and Organizational Success - Essay Example 1 The technological environmental represent the application to marketing of knowledge based on discoveries in science, inventions and also innovations new technology will results in new goods and services for consumers. Improved existing products better customer service and care and often lower prices through the development of more cost-efficient production and distribution methods (Louis, 1992) Though technology can quickly make products obsolete for example calculators wiped out the markets for slide rulers. It can quickly open up new marketing opportunities. It has led to spawning of new industries for example computers, laser and xerography industries. Marketing managers might closely monitor the technological environment for a number of reasons. This may be the means by which a firm introduces major products breakthrough giving of a competitive edge. For example after years of technological research, Procter and Gamble scientist succeeded in perfecting a formula for a combination of shampoo and conditioner which was introduced in the market place as part plus, this brad become the leading shampoo in the united states and captured twelve percent of the market keeping in mind that it competes with more than 1,100 other products. 2 By the application of new technology marketing managers have greatly improved services to their customers. Electronic communication has brought consumers the convenience of in home shopping and also twenty-four hour banking at the automated teller machines. The more competent he becomes in the organizational competent. According to Louis (1992) new technology can greatly help marketing managers in making decisions that will result in increased productivity and overall efficiency in its operations. Computer aided designs super workstations, and computer aided manufacture tends to speed up the process of bringing new products to the market. Designing products by computers allow firms to thorough test products for potential problems, which increase their competitive ability by eliminating costly errors before the products go into manufacturing. This not only assures business survival but also ensures the continued success of a business. Computerized mapping systems will give marketing managers instant geographic and customers information. Computer maps will also help markets in targeting markets, planning advertising analyzing competitors and distributing their products. Advancement in communications technology will help creating computer networks that allow marketer to share information with dealer's distributors and co-workers in such areas as finance, research and development. Laptop computers and cellular phone technology will definitely increase sales force productivity since the salesman will do less paperwork hence spending were time with clients and prospects. Technology can not be separated with competency and success of the business since for any organization undertaking its business technological rate and level has had great implications especially in areas of new products development customer satisfaction and also its role in controlling and standardizing quality of products. 3 Marketing managers understands that economic environmental influence consumer buying power so as to achieve success. The health of an economy will influence consum

Academic Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Pressures - Essay Example Stress could begin at very early childhood years and continues into later years depending upon the life’s situations. Psychologists as well as academic professionals have identified that many students undergo immense stress even during schooling, which intensifies as the challenges increase with academic advancement. More often, teenagers and/or adolescents in high school and early college years are most prone to academic pressures because of the rapid shift in their curricula, studying atmosphere, competition as well as biological changes in the growth process. Academic pressures begin with stress caused by parental expectations, peer pressure, competition, strict timelines, difficult curricula etc. These factors are meant to induce learning, inculcate discipline and help students achieve their academic curricula within set timelines. On the other hand, all these or each of these stressors significantly impact students’ memory and thinking ability. As Hales stated, â⠂¬Ëœbecause of stress’s impact on memory, students with advanced skills may perform worse under exam pressure than their less skilled peers’ (63). In general, academic pressures tend to crush the inherent abilities of teenage students.

Linkage among Environmental Opportunity, Competency and Organizational Essay

Linkage among Environmental Opportunity, Competency and Organizational Success - Essay Example 1 The technological environmental represent the application to marketing of knowledge based on discoveries in science, inventions and also innovations new technology will results in new goods and services for consumers. Improved existing products better customer service and care and often lower prices through the development of more cost-efficient production and distribution methods (Louis, 1992) Though technology can quickly make products obsolete for example calculators wiped out the markets for slide rulers. It can quickly open up new marketing opportunities. It has led to spawning of new industries for example computers, laser and xerography industries. Marketing managers might closely monitor the technological environment for a number of reasons. This may be the means by which a firm introduces major products breakthrough giving of a competitive edge. For example after years of technological research, Procter and Gamble scientist succeeded in perfecting a formula for a combination of shampoo and conditioner which was introduced in the market place as part plus, this brad become the leading shampoo in the united states and captured twelve percent of the market keeping in mind that it competes with more than 1,100 other products. 2 By the application of new technology marketing managers have greatly improved services to their customers. Electronic communication has brought consumers the convenience of in home shopping and also twenty-four hour banking at the automated teller machines. The more competent he becomes in the organizational competent. According to Louis (1992) new technology can greatly help marketing managers in making decisions that will result in increased productivity and overall efficiency in its operations. Computer aided designs super workstations, and computer aided manufacture tends to speed up the process of bringing new products to the market. Designing products by computers allow firms to thorough test products for potential problems, which increase their competitive ability by eliminating costly errors before the products go into manufacturing. This not only assures business survival but also ensures the continued success of a business. Computerized mapping systems will give marketing managers instant geographic and customers information. Computer maps will also help markets in targeting markets, planning advertising analyzing competitors and distributing their products. Advancement in communications technology will help creating computer networks that allow marketer to share information with dealer's distributors and co-workers in such areas as finance, research and development. Laptop computers and cellular phone technology will definitely increase sales force productivity since the salesman will do less paperwork hence spending were time with clients and prospects. Technology can not be separated with competency and success of the business since for any organization undertaking its business technological rate and level has had great implications especially in areas of new products development customer satisfaction and also its role in controlling and standardizing quality of products. 3 Marketing managers understands that economic environmental influence consumer buying power so as to achieve success. The health of an economy will influence consum